Tuesday, September 15, 2020

What Is Research Writing?

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Friday, September 11, 2020

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Thursday, September 10, 2020

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Monday, September 7, 2020

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Friday, September 4, 2020

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Thursday, September 3, 2020

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Wednesday, September 2, 2020

How To Write The Introduction Of Your Development Economics Paper

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Friday, August 28, 2020

How To Write The Perfect Research Paper Title

How To Write The Perfect Research Paper Title You’ll be stuck with the analysis paper topics you’ve chosen for weeks or more whereas writing, so it’s necessary to choose them fastidiously. Committing your time to particular milestones will help you to track your progress and stay on task, the primary of which is usually to find attention-grabbing and straightforward research paper matters. Before you begin exploring fascinating research paper matters, full a thorough evaluate of your teacher’s rubric to evaluate your strengths and weaknesses in every area. This will help you break the project into smaller duties, together with the way to write a conclusion for a research paper in your specific course. When all the standard in-text citations are collected, kind them out and see if any of the cites are unneedful, while others will complement the analysis tremendously. Mind to revise APA/MLA/Chicago referencing pointers, if needed, to avoid any troubles with plagiarism. Using this writing service is legal and is not prohibited by any college/college policies. Could you complete my online check for me, please? However, every of them must show perfect grammar information. We verify writers’ diplomas to ensure that they've the necessary background. Research paper define templates , examples of analysis papers, and on-line writing instruments go a great distance in writing well. After all, pattern analysis paper analysis can give you a better understanding of what makes a powerful paper. What we wish to do is remove any of the roadblocks that stop you from getting academic assist. This applies to the services that we offer, but additionally to any sort of assist you can receive related to your coursework. Each of those steps is essential in learning how to do a research paper without any main mistakes, stress or worry. Before you dive into your search and evaluation, there are a few more questions to think about that can prevent time in a while. While high quality matter analysis is the core, thesis statement is the guts of your paper. Be particular, let your thesis tells solely what you’re about to dwell upon in the principle physique copy. Depending on a topic, your statement has to replicate what your complete piece is based on. Make positive to place your thesis assertion within the very first paragraph of a manuscript. Clueless tips on how to develop a robust thesis for a paper? Our definition will assume that that is the case. In addition to this, writing research papers help you to increase your knowledge on a selected subject. Even the most excellent essay is senseless when it’s delivered too late. We guarantee that your paper will be composed, checked, and delivered a little earlier than you requested deadline. This gives you time to check it and ship it back for a revision, if needed. Read on-line manuals first, there’s loads of how-to tricks to prepare a powerful focal sentence of a paper. Consistent analysis lies in the core of each great paper. Researching is the very first stage of finalizing an assigned paper. Consult the immediate concerning the supposed subject and reference sources for use. If you’re to pick a topic yourself, decide-in for a paper theme that gives loads of sources to seek the advice of. Don’t forget to collect appropriate quotes to help your claims and show the viewpoint is correct. After all, knowing the way to write a analysis paper means planning extensively to avoid redoing work and losing time. Once you’ve created a particular schedule, you’re ready to begin identifying and narrowing down research paper matters. It’s straightforward to see that these are four completely different requests and that they require writing four several types of papers. However, each could possibly be considered a ‘time period paper’. Sometimes a term paper is a phrase that's used as a synonym for research paper. If that's the case with the task you have been given than everything above applies to you. However, in some cases, instructors still assign conventional time period papers.

Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Rating Of Websites That Write Papers For You According To Onlinewritersrating Com

Rating Of Websites That Write Papers For You According To Onlinewritersrating Com I always rent the identical author here, she really knows tips on how to flip a boring subject into one thing superb! I’ve never used any writing firms so there is nothing I can examine this one to. I guess it is a median analysis paper writing service with high prices. It just isn't like you are going to cooperate with the greatest minds in the universe however all the writers I hired thus far have been expert sufficient to ship what I needed. This is my first time using a service like this and I'm not disenchanted in any respect. The paper I got is okay, all of the references are there. I was underneath a huge stress and places my order quite late so the author had a really limited period of time to cope with it. They delivered my order on time, the paper seems okay. Don’t know if I am going to make use of it once more any time quickly. This as a type of incredible decisions you make without giving it much of consideration. I don’t know what's wrong with me however I simply can’t write those silly papers. I’ve by no means used this sort of services and have done all of the research studies on my own. I can’t think about what it takes to put in writing this paper without any help. The extra responsible you're when doing it the better outcomes you will get. It might occur that your trainer makes some updates otherwise you understand that there is something that needs to be modified in terms of the guidelines you've offered your writer with. You can simply edit them by writing directly to the writer or our help group. Watch this video and it will dispel all of them. What are you able to do when there's a paper you have to write however you can’t discover a good subject? The more ideas you discover on the net on the way to discover the inspiration you lack, the much less motivated you turn out to be. Even if you notice it after you get the order, you possibly can ask for a free revision. The only point to bear in mind is that the new instructions you give to the author shouldn't contradict the preliminary ones in your order form. Still have doubts about using this paper writing service? I sit and stare at my display screen and may’t do a factor. I’m very glad there may be this firm that may assist me. This is my first 12 months in school and I hope that something adjustments very quickly. I received to cooperate with a very accountable and polite writer. I think I’m going to request to work with her once more the subsequent time I place an order. Rely on the various years of our experience in this business. Make sure you are very particular with the directions you embody in an order kind. It just isn't simple to seek out one thing you would like to write about in order that it would be related to the subjects your trainer talks about in class. If it appears that you've got already considered all the potential choices, let our consultants give you a hint and even come up with a great matter for your paper. Their experience help them to look at trivial topics from a new perspective. So thanks for serving to me survive this nightmare. On one hand I received a nice paper on time, on the other hand I feel like I should have spent less on it. I don’t even know what number of instances I’ve already ordered papers right here. Note that we reserve your money and wait so that you can approve the work of our writers. If every thing is nice, the author receives the payment.

Friday, June 5, 2020

Sexuality and Justice Paper - 275 Words

Sexuality and Justice Paper (Essay Sample) Content: Damaged Daughters: The History of Girls' Sexuality and the Juvenile Justice SystemByNtenga MoituiDamaged Daughters: The History of Girls' Sexuality and the Juvenile Justice SystemIn spite of the legal changes in the justice system in America, the constitution of the female juvenile offender population remains intact. Girls are commonly judged based on their moral behavior and sexual conduct. This paper reveals the historical treatment of female sexuality in the justice system. It examines how juvenile courts and correctional institutions have controlled girls sexuality.During the infancy of the juvenile justice system, there was little distinction between teenage offenders and their adult counterparts, with the former receiving punishments commensurate with the latter. Since incarceration with adult lawbreakers had little effect in terms of discouraging youth from criminal behavior, reform schools were founded. Their main purpose was to discipline and educate incorrig ible adolescents with undesirable character (Pasko, 2010). This served as a mechanism to protect young offenders from themselves and their environment.The movement to establish distinct institutions for young offenders was spurred by a movement that was concerned about social and moral misdemeanors, such as sexual indiscretion and prostitution. Even though, juvenile courts originally considered those under sixteen who had broken the law as delinquents, girls were unfairly considered as such based on moral behavior, which many have argued should not constitute a violation of the law.Many of the operations of the early juvenile courts focused on monitoring the conduct of young girls to prevent their straying from the morally accepted sexual behavior. During this period, the concerns with female sexuality were moral. Several categories of behaviors were clearly labeled as sex offenses. Those guilty of such offenses were often sentenced to reform school.Working-class young women who pur sued opportunities for social and sexual liberation were condemned to police holding cells and juvenile reform schools for their offensive conduct. Reform efforts aimed at protecting girls from rogue men were ineffective. These exact girls faced judicial penalties for such sexual encounters, even when they were coerced into them. Their male partners, on the other hand, received little to no social or legal blame. Justice professionals often questioned whether female victimization was because of promiscuity or weak conduct.During the early twentieth century, the majority of delinquent girls confined to institutions were charged with incorrigibility. Girls were more susceptible than their male counterparts from being institutionalized for sexual immorality. Consequently, most girls who had sex with multiple partners were institutionalized. Sexual immorality in girls was due to economic motivation.Girls prostitution has often been an outcome of their engaging in such behavior because o f feeble controls at home and school. Indeed, remarkably few prostitutes come from homes with good family life, financial security, and the chance for education. Their fathers normally earn meager incomes. Prostitution is, therefore, a means for supplementing their financial needs.An analysis of various cases in New York during the mid-twentieth century revealed that there were considerable concerns with a specific statute. This statue brought girls to court simply for disobeying parental orders or because of moral disobedience. Many young women were being charged merely for engaging in sexual activity. Nevertheless, consensual sexual intercourse between individuals of the appropriate age is illegal, which begs the question of why there is a legal sense of sexual misbehavior in females aged over eighteen in some cases.Similar studies of the juvenile courts during the second half of the twentieth century suggest that judges and other correctional officials directly participated in th e enforcement of strict heterosexuality. Sexual misdemeanor still largely constituted female delinquency during this period. In the mid twentieth century, more girls than boys were appearing for status offenses in the juvenile court. Furthermore, girls, as compared to their male counterparts, received harsher sentences for status offenses.Many radical changes have occurred in the juvenile court since the 1960s. First, joint efforts were made at the federal and state levels during the early 1970s to deinstitutionalize status offenders. Those states that received delinquency prevention money from the federal government were required to divert and deinstitutionalize their status offenders and stop detaining noncriminal adolescents. This provision was, however, inconsistently enforced and resisted in some states. Nevertheless, girls were the main beneficiaries of the reform. As such, they could no longer be incarcerated for noncriminal offenses.During the decades following the passage o f this directive, the commitment rates of female offenders in juvenile correctional centers throughout the country dropped. This was in stark contrast to the past trends of the century. This provision also addressed the scope of services offered to female offenders within the system and opened up funds for female-specific research.Secondly, occurring at almost the same time, various social and legal processes concurred to reduce support for rehabilitation for a juvenile correctional system that commonly used various forms of state social services as a means of re-socializing noncriminal young offenders. Consequently, courts gradually improved their perception of the youthful offender from vulnerable dependent to a responsible person. The various movements of the 1970s effectively merged their agendas. As such, commencing juvenile courts redefinition of who is considered a dangerous adolescent sex offender. That is from the girl engaging in prostitution to the sexually offensive boy. Historically, juvenile sexual offenses committed by adolescent males were considered by law enforcement as the experimentation and curiosity of teenage boys experiencing adjustment reactions to puberty. Due to their reluctance to label the teenage boys sexual offenders, society often preferred to define their sexual misdemeanors as naughty behavior. Typically, punishment for such behavior was the responsibility of the family. However, for more serious offenses, the boy was often referred to a short stay in a boys home institution. The juvenile courts continued to view the most serious juvenile sex transgressions as resulting from girls associations with sexually immoral behavior.This judicial attitude changed by the 1960s. Increasing levels of research and media accounts of child abuse flooded popular reads. Additionally, various other factors such as a sexual liberation movement and the development of sexuality research, as well as the push to define sexual victimization as a serio us offense all led to several discoveries. First, sexual victimization is a serious cr...

Sunday, May 17, 2020

Racial Profiling - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1509 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Racism Essay Did you like this example? A few people wonder what is racial profiling. Racial profiling mainly is miss-instruction, bondage, and imprisonment. Since slavery African Americans have endured racism because of their personality. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Racial Profiling" essay for you Create order Racial profiling also includes choosing on a man for their protest of an explicit racial gathering. The reason in upholding racial profiling out of sight of criminal investigation can develop the likelihood of capturing offenders. Paul Bou-Habib expressed, If the rate at which individuals from an explicit racial gathering carries out a wrongdoing is higher than that of different crooks will be gotten if the police focus their endeavors on exploring individuals from the racial gathering being referred to? (2011, p.34). It is unfairness, when judges, political authorities, and cops naturally have a bigot demeanor towards blacks. For instance, my uncle was in Sears parking lot and he was exchanging seats with his brother since he was tired of driving. While leaving the parking lot, the officer had pulled them over on the grounds that he seen a dark person escape his vehicle and thought something appeared to be suspicious. The officer inferred that my uncle did not utilize his correct turning signal. The expression driving while black describe the practice of law enforcement officials to stop African-American drivers without probable cause† (Weatherspoon, 2004). As of now, training has been an arrangement of miss-instruction. I believe students are pushed out of school because of the treatment that they get from the school personnel and staff. Dr. Carter G. Woodson wrote a book called The Miss-Education of the Negro in his book it clarifies how miss-instruction was a defining moment in teaching another dark Negro researcher. In most government funded schools history books had no presence or extraordinary researchers to represent African Americans. Woodson expressed, how â€Å"dooming the Negro to a brainwashed acceptance of the inferior role assigned to him by the dominant race, and absorbed by him through his schooling† (Woodson, 1933). The state funded schools are changing into jail foundation and the educators are turning into the cops. As per KAMR, a school in Texas called Canadian Independent School District arrived at resolution to enable qualified educators to allow firearms in school. Again I would contend how the educational system is changing into a jail industry. These days schools have been issued metal detectors, over the top cameras and clear backpacks to check that there is no weapons nor tranquilizes inside them. According to Peter Gray, John Jay High and Anson Jones Middle School in San Antonio issued ID identifications for all understudies to wear. The media revealed that the â€Å"badges contain radio frequency chips, which allow school officials to monitor the kids’ movements anywhere in the school building or on school grounds† (Gray, 2012). Additionally in 2010, the Lower Merion School District in Pennsylvania began seeing understudies at their home and in school with spyware embed ded into school-issued workstations. Slavery has a connection with the jail establishment. Slavery managed private enterprise, physical control, and cold-bloodedness. Racial bad form influences the youthful minorities in the present society. Ive came to comprehend that bondage is still basically of today. The jail organization has turned into the new slave exchange. Blacks are utilized for shabby difficult work. Jail organizations have set up an enthusiasm with private enterprises to make cash off Blacks doing lessened work, â€Å"even producing advertisements to bring in business and land contracts, touting prison labor as a cheap alternative to outsourcing to other countries† (Fredrick, 2012). The food that is handled like chicken,pork, and beef inside schools â€Å"have been made by a worker earning twenty cents an hour, not in a faraway country, but by a member of an invisible American workforce: prisoners† (Elk and Sloan, 2011). For instance, I would contend how there is more work employments given to Blacks in prison than Blacks who live in poor networks. It makes me consider how the mass imprisonment of colored men in the public eye is so extraordinary, due to the poor networks many lived in. Many Black guys who didnt get employments in America made bad wages in the jail business. Is it unexpected that a African American cant manage the cost of a vocation in the public arena, however soon as a African American is detained he has tremendous measure of work. As indicated by Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) â€Å"In 2008, over 2.3 million Americans were in prison or jail, with one of every 48 working-age men behind bars,† (Khalek, 2011).Presently, in America unlawful foreigners and teenagers are racial profiled and prepared under a station framework. Research expresses that detainment rates somewhere in the range of 1880 and 1970 stretched out around â€Å"100 to 200 prisoners per 100,000 people† (Khalek, 2011). Blacks and Hispanics for the most part speak to in excess of 85 percent of the individuals who are halted by cops. The court noted that the police could take a man Hispanic appearance to ward when gaining suspicious insight that a vehicle may acquire unlawful outsiders. The consideration progresses toward becoming to the country concentrating on trisomy. Something else the country is focusing on migration. Individuals moving to the U.S. caused a considerable measure of racial profiling on account of new individuals coming in. everyone ought to get similarly treated â€Å"Background injustice might led us to suspect that when the police racially profile blacks drivers, they might sometimes be motivated by a racist attitudes towards black drivers but not white drivers in a harassing manner, or might selectively impose such profiling on blacks in an unfair way† (Habib, 2010, p.36). Migrants get indistinguishable treatment from if they somehow happened to disregard the laws for th em coming here to America. As were blacks get treated contrastingly regardless of whether we are in a similar class. Michelle Alexander expressed, â€Å"The likelihood that a person of Mexican ancestry is an â€Å"alien† could not be significantly higher than the likelihood that any random black person is a drug criminal† (2010, pg.129). Individuals misunderstand the possibility of racial treachery, and how regardless it affects history. The Jim Crow laws thought that it was hard managing servitude. Be that as it may, racial bad form impacts the youthful minorities in the present society. Neediness is the condition of being poor, not having certain necessities to get by in America, for example, nourishment, haven, and security. Blacks are the larger part of prisons, detainment facilities, and the court frameworks. Equity Hugo Black had put his idea in and remarked in a choice Griffin v. Illinois.There can be no equal justice where the kind of trial a man get depends on the amount of money he has.† (Olson, 2005).There are three noteworthy issues that society have today including the criminal equity framework. One of the principal real issues is race. Race such a big issue in light of family impacts, social impacts, and on the grounds that a few people are simply unmindful. In the mid-1800s, there were more African Americans in jail than some other race. Bondage was the conviction of the establishment that blacks were unequal than every other person. Servitude annihilated a considerable measure of people mental, physical and otherworldly wellbeing. At the point when slavery finished, it cleared out a ton of stays of prejudice. It affected the ages. The common right development is a development in the United States starting in the 1960s and driven by blacks with an end goal to set up the social liberties of individual Black Citizens. This development was critical to us blacks in America. As of now, men have turned into the spotlight for the jail framework. Men are currently marked as a developing under cast which means they have low qualities. Mean are once in a while denied the privilege to cast a ballot, segregated from having an occupation, and open advantages amid the Jim Crow period. (Alexander, 2010). In the previous 30 years wrongdoing rates dont clarify the sudden emotional of imprisonment. The connection between cops and ethnicity networks natives racial gatherings by various gatherings and how they interface. Racial profiling is a noteworthy part in appreciating racial maltreatment. For example, suspiciously choosing a dark driver not doing anything other than rather, the police think the driver is suspicious so he/she gets pulled over. Another factor was individuals tend to treats blacks unequal. All individuals such be dealt with the equivalent regardless of what the distinctions are. The last main consideration is a result of dark men go to imprison, that truly influence the family unit. Its not the equivalent if the leader of the family unit is gone and getting mistreated. The holy book expressed that the principal thing to comprehend in this discourse is that there is just a single race-the human races. Caucasians, Africans, Asians, Indians, Arabs, and Jews are not distinctive races. Or maybe, they are diverse ethnicities of mankind. Every single person have the physical attributes. All the more imperatively, all individuals are made in the picture and likeness of god (Genesis 1:26-27). God adored the world so much that he imprint Jesus to set out his life for us (John 3:16). The world clearly incorporates every ethnic gathering. (Houndmann, 2002).

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Canyon Tragedy Annexed An Effective Way Globally And...

Torrey Canyon Tragedy 1967 Transporting goods over the see consider as an effective way globally and has benefited the world amazingly. On the regular daily basis, ships all over the world are moving from port to port either to carry or deliver goods. Furthermore, 90 percent of shipments have been transported by vessels. The globalization has influenced the world to be interactive in trading by sea. Transporting oil nowadays by vessels is the safest mode away from people sights. In fact, (1800) million tons of crude oil is transporting early by sea. Although treaties that have been established to avoid any risk could happen from an oil spill are not taken seriously unless the world is facing a tremendous tragedy. However, oil spills†¦show more content†¦In the past, we had learned from previous well best-known oil spill tankers accidents in the world which are: †¢ Torrey Canyon – (1967) †¢ Exxon Valdez - (1989) †¢ Erika - (1999) †¢ Prestige - (2002) Apparently, all adjustments are taken after each horrible tragedy and the preventive action still not implemented holistically. However, when any new conventions are adopted, they probably will take from 2 to 5 years to enter into force and be active. Well, in this small paper research I would like to discuss the regulations as well as rules that have been updated as a direct response to these kind of horrific accidents. In addition to, what impacts the new safety regulations and standards rules have had on lowering the risk pertained oil tankers incidents. In the late 19 Century, the first oil tankers begun to operate and the regular standard size of the tankers remain small (16400) DWT until 1950s. Afterwards during the proper progress in the construction industry, the sizes of the vessels started to grow rapidly until they reached out (100,000) tons in 1959. That have led a noticeable increasing in the oil transportation which dictates the awareness of oil pollution in the marine environment. In the 20 Century, the oil pollutions was recognized as a gradual problem that would influence adversely the entire world. Furthermore, in 1954 (OILPOL) the international convention for the pollution

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Determination of Assessable Income of Paul-Samples for Students

Question: Determine what amounts will form part of Pauls assessable Income for the 2016/17 taxation year. Answer: Issues: The following case study is concerned with the determination of assessable income of Paul who ran the business of golf instructor (Barkoczy, 2016). Usually during the computation of the assessable income of an individuals business one is under obligation to exclude all the gross earnings produced from the normal business course. Legislation: Henderson v. FC of T(1970) Subsection 6-5 (2) and (3) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 Taxation Rulings TR 93/11 Subsection 25 (1) Barratt v. FC of T92 ATC Application: As defined under subsection 6-5 (2) and (3) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 taxpayers should take account of the taxable income in the gross proceeds that is derived by them (Blakelock and King, 2017). Where income that is earned during the income year and it is but received in next year, the acceptance of suitable means of ascertaining income that is derived under subsections 6-5(2) and (3) in the applicable income year that forms the subject of the taxpayers and their consultants (Cao et al. 2015). The rulings are applicable to the persons and entities for the purpose of tax and they should use the proceeds or the income scheme of tax accounting in determining the taxable income. According to the TR 93/11 fees that are derived under subsection 25 (1) is regarded as income in accordance with the normal conception of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 by those professionals person whose proceeds is taxable based on the accrual basis. The effect of the statutory obstruction is based on the starting the legal proceedings for recovering the professional fee income (Christie 2015). As evident from the following scenario, Paul earned a fee income from the private lesson provided to his client. The question arises that when the professional fee earnings is received under subsection 25 (1) of the ITAA should be determined in reference to the facts of the present case of Paul and particularly with reference to the terms of the contract that is entered into by Paul and his client (Miller and Oats 2016). In present case, it is also foundthat Paul also received a fee after five years for lesson provided to one of his client. On an appropriate creation relating to the cont ract or agreement, a recoverable debt is formed in such a manner that the professional debt individual will not be obliged to undertake any additional steps prior to being entitled for payment. A fee is recoverable in the applicable logic if the time to make payment has been endorsed. As held in the case of Henderson v. FC of T(1970)income that is assessable in terms of the accrual basis is derived under the subsection 25 (1) of the ITAA when the recoverable debt is established such that the person paying tax is not required to undertake any kind of supplementary actions before they become entitled for payment. Furthermore, a professional person at times receives fee in advance for the job to which it is related. Given the arrangement has been formed between the professional and the client, the income from fee is derived during the earnings year during which the professional individual completes the work to which the fee is related. In the present case of Paul, it is found that the fee, which is derived by him in present scenario, forms the element of the earnings and must be incorporated in the taxable income of the Paul. As stated under the Taxation Rulings of TR 93/11 recoverable debt can be established with the person who is professional that does not need the bill to the customer once the job is entirely completed (Snape and De Souza 2016). In the present scenario, Paul under whom the estimate the work was entirely completed derives the fee income. The professional person under these situations generates the earnings from fees in the year during which the professional work ended very early. The receipt of fees by Doreen represents income during the year and the professional lesson imparted by him ended very early. Therefore, such income would be included in the assessable income of Paul since the fee receipt constitutes recoverable debt since the lesson imparted was entirely completed early. In calculating the taxable income, a person is under obligation to include all the gross earning or proceeds arising out of the regular business course (Somers andEynaud, 2015). Citing the reference of Barratt v. FC of T92 ATCthe federal court of Australia has viewed that the statutory obstruction to begin the lawful events for recovery of a bad debt (Saad 2014). This does not postpone the instance during the earnings from fees is derived under the subsection 25 (1) by the professional individual whose income shall be considered for assessment under the accrual basis. Conclusion: To conclude with, the present case has taken into the considerations the income that is earned by Paul during the course of his business. The study has successfully highlighted that Pual receipt of fees under the sub-section 25 (1) shall be held assessable based on the cash basis. Furthermore, Paul also derived a fee income for the lesson provided to Doreen as the recoverable debt for the fee income received in the advance of the lesson Reference List: Barkoczy, S. 2016. Foundations of Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Blakelock, S., and King, P. 2017. Taxation law: The advance of ATO data matching.Proctor, The,37(6), 18. Cao, L., Hosking, A., Kouparitsas, M., Mullaly, D., Rimmer, X., Shi, Q., ... and Wende, S. 2015. Understanding the economy-wide efficiency and incidence of major Australian taxes.Treasury WP,1. Christie, M. 2015. Principles of Taxation Law 2015. Miller, A., and Oats, L. 2016.Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury Publishing. Saad, N. 2014. Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, 1069-1075. Snape, J., and De Souza, J. 2016.Environmental taxation law: policy, contexts and practice. Routledge. Somers, R., and Eynaud, A. 2015. A matter of trusts: The ATO's proposed treatment of unpaid present entitlements: Part 1.Taxation in Australia,50(2), 90.

Sunday, April 19, 2020

The Benefits of Multimodal Treatment for ADHD free essay sample

A look at the form of treatment for ADHD known as multimodal treatment and how it can respond to the limitations of psychostimulants, the most common form of treatment for ADHD. This paper delves into the form of treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) known as Multimodal Treatment and the research being done for Attention Behavior Deficit Disorder. The paper explains that multimodal treatment combines pharmacological treatment with physical accommodations and behavioral therapy to help individuals with ADHD perform at a higher level than treatment with medication alone. Imagine over 2 million children in the United States affected with a psychological disorder which is chronic and significantly disabling. Children who suffer from this disorder are frequently highly emotional, may be aggressive, tend to be underachievers and may feel highly agitated and frustrated most of the time. These children are often lonely and isolated from peers as a result of the unpredictable and erratic behavior that characterize this disorder. We will write a custom essay sample on The Benefits of Multimodal Treatment for ADHD or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In their teens and early adulthood suffers of this disorder are more likely than peers to drop out of school, use illicit drugs (Garber, Garber, Spizman, 1996), change jobs frequently and often experience depression (Solden, 1995). This is the landscape for the estimated 3 to 5% of United States children diagnosed as having Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)(Garber et al., 1996). The most common treatment for this disorder consists of medication to alleviate symptoms. However, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2000), multimodal treatments that consist of a combination of behavioral therapy and medication provide better outcomes for children with complex problems like ADHD. Specifically, The National Institute of Mental Health conducted the NIMH Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (called the MTA Study)(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1999). The MTA Study documented 579 children over a period of 14 months. The children wer e divided into four groups; a control group, a group which received medication, a group which recived behavioral therapy, and a group which received multimodal treatment. This study demonstrated that after 14 months of treatment, children who received combined treatments performed better in six outcome areas social skills, parent child relations, internalizing symptoms, reading achievement, oppositional and/or aggressive symptoms and parent and/or consumer satisfaction- whereas children receiving only medication improved in only one to two of these areas and children in the control group and in the behavioral therapy groups showed clinically significant improvement in any of these areas (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999).

Sunday, March 15, 2020

Perfect Blackjack Strategy 15 Charts to Help You Master the Game

Perfect Blackjack Strategy 15 Charts to Help You Master the Game SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Blackjack is the most popular casino table game in the United States, and it's one of the most popular casino games in the world. You probably know how to play blackjack, but do you know how to play blackjack well? Do you want to win more money at the casino by learning blackjack strategy? If you play your cards right, you may be able to make enough money to see Cirque Du Soleil. Blackjack strategy lets you know the right play to make to maximize your winnings. It tells you what to do based on your hand and the card that the dealer is showing. If you perfectly follow the strategies outlined in this guide, you can reduce the casino’s advantage to less than .5%, making blackjack the most advantageous game to the player in a casino. Perfect blackjack strategy has been determined using probability theory and computer simulations which have figured out the best play in each situation. In this article, I'll explain perfect blackjack strategy and how to use it to your advantage. I've focused on playing at a casino, but the same strategies apply if you're playing online or at a home game. The Basic Rules of Blackjack The goal of blackjack is to beat the dealer’s hand without going over 21. Before cards are dealt, players place their bets. Each player starts with two cards that are face up. Face cards are worth 10. Aces are worth 1 or 11; whichever makes a better hand. One of the dealer’s two cards is face down until the very end after every player completes his hand. You can ask for another card (hit) or stick with your current hand (stand). You have the option to keep hitting until you’re satisfied with your hand, or you go over 21 (bust). If you bust, the dealer wins regardless of the dealer’s eventual hand. The dealer must hit until her cards total 17 or higher. Blackjack! (banspy/Flickr) Defining Blackjack Terms These are the blackjack terms you must know to determine the right play to make in each situation. I put the terms in alphabetical order. Blackjack: The best possible hand in blackjack. It consists of an ace and a card with a value of 10. At most casinos, blackjack plays 3:2. So for example, if you bet $10, getting blackjack pays $15. Bust: Busting is going over 21. As mentioned previously, if you bust, you automatically lose. Double Down/Doubling: Doubling down or doubling is when a player places an additional bet equal to his original bet and then receives just one additional card. You can only double down with your first two cards. For example, if you bet $5 and get dealt an 11, you can place an additional $5 bet and receive one more card. Regardless of whether you get a 2 or a 10, you can’t hit again. Hard/Hard Hand: Any hand that doesn’t contain an ace that can count as an 11. A 10 and a 7 is a hard 17. Hit: Hitting is asking for another card. Insurance: When the dealer shows an ace, the player can place a side bet of up to half of his original bet. If the dealer has blackjack, the insurance bet pays 2 to 1. If the dealer doesn’t have blackjack, the insurance bet loses. Based on probability, you should never take insurance. Push: When you push, your hand ties with the dealer and you keep your original bet. For instance, if you and the dealer both have 19, you push. Soft/Soft Hand: A soft hand is a hand that includes an ace valued at 11 instead of 1. For example, an ace and a 6 is a soft 17. You can be more aggressive with soft hands because there’s no risk of busting. If you hit on a soft 17 and get a 5, the ace will be valued at 1 and you’ll have a 12. Split: If a player is dealt two equal cards, he can split them into two separate hands by placing an additional bet equal to his original bet. For example, if you bet $10 and are dealt two 8’s, for another $10, you can split your hand into two separate hands, each with one 8. Stand/Stay: Standing or staying is sticking with your hand and no longer asking for more cards. Surrender: Surrendering is basically giving up before seeing what the dealer gets. If you surrender, you abandon your hand and recover half of your initial bet. Surrendering is the best option when it’s extremely likely that you’ll lose given your hand and the card the dealer is showing. Unfortunately, many casinos don’t offer the surrender option. A casino blackjack table (Thomas Hawk/Flickr) Blackjack Basic Strategy To perfect your blackjack game and completely minimize the house advantage, there’s quite a bit to remember. However, if you can just memorize the basic blackjack strategy rules, then you’ll be well ahead of the novice player. Following these rules won’t always be the 100% perfect play, but it almost always will be, and again, these rules are much easier to remember than perfect blackjack strategy. Compared to absolute perfect blackjack play, following these rules will only cost you about one hand in 12 hours of play. Basic Blackjack Strategy Chart Here are the charts outlining basic strategy. They tell you what to do given the value of your hand (left column) and the card the dealer is showing (right two columns). HARD 2 to 6 7 to A 4 to 8 HIT HIT 9 DOUBLE HIT 10 or 11 DOUBLE DOUBLE if more than dealer* 12 to 16 STAND HIT 17 to 21 STAND STAND *This means that if you have a 10 and the dealer is showing 9 or less, you should double. If the dealer is showing 10 or an ace, just hit. Similarly, if you have 11, double if the dealer is showing 10 or less. If the dealer is showing an ace, just hit. SOFT 2 to 6 7 to A 13 to 15 HIT HIT 16 to 18 DOUBLE HIT 19 to 21 STAND STAND SPLITS (Yes or No)* 2 to 6 7 to A 2/2, 3/3, 6/6, 7/7, 9/9 YES NO 8/8, A/A YES YES 4/4, 5/5, 10/10 NO NO *If you don’t split, treat your hand like a hard hand. For example, if you don’t split with two 7’s, make the appropriate play for a hard 14. Additional Rules On top of the blackjack strategy charts above, here are a few additional rules to remember: Surrender if you have a 16 and the dealer is showing a 10. If the table doesn’t allow surrendering, then hit. If the strategy says to double but you’re not allowed, then hit, except you should stand with a soft 18. Never take insurance. When the dealer shows an ace, the player can place a side bet of up to half of his original bet. If the dealer has blackjack, the insurance bet pays 2 to 1. If the dealer doesn’t have blackjack, the insurance bet loses. Similarly, never take even money when you get blackjack. If you’re dealt blackjack and the dealer is showing an ace, you’ll be offered an even money payout in case the dealer has blackjack. For example, if you bet $10, if you take even money you’ll win $10 instead of the $15 for a 3:2 payout. If you decline the even money and the dealer has blackjack, you’ll push and you’ll just get your original bet back. Perfect Blackjack Strategy While following the basic blackjack strategy will almost always have you make the right play, there are occasions when it won’t. If you’re really trying to master blackjack, then just following the basic strategy won’t quite cut it. The perfect blackjack strategy charts are based on the slightly different versions of the game. Blackjack can be played with a single deck or 4-8 decks. Most casinos I’ve been to have single deck or use six decks. Also, some casinos require the dealer to stand with a soft 17, and some mandate the dealer to hit with a soft 17. If the dealer has to stand with a soft 17, that will give you better odds. Perfect Blackjack Strategy Charts Here are the charts you need to memorize to get your blackjack strategy perfect. The numbers going horizontally at the top of the chart represent the card that the dealer is showing, and the numbers in the left most column are the value of your hand. This is the key to to the abbreviations used in the charts: H= Hit S= Stand Dh= Double down if allowed, if not hit Ds= Double down if allowed, if not stand Rh= Surrender if allowed, if not hit Rs= Surrender if allowed, if not stand Rp= Surrender if allowed, if not split P= Split Ph= Split if double after hit is allowed, if not hit Pd= Split if double after hit is allowed, if not double Ps= Split if double after hit is allowed, if not stand Single Deck Blackjack Charts These are the perfect strategy charts for single deck blackjack. The first set covers what to do if the dealer is required to stand on a soft 17 and the second set covers the strategy if the dealer is expected to hit on a soft 17. Each includes three charts that you can use depending on whether your hand is hard, soft, or split. Single Deck, Dealer Stands on Soft 17 Hard 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A 5-7 H H H H H H H H H H 8 H H H Dh Dh H H H H H 9 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 10 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh H H 11 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh 12 H H S S S H H H H H 13 S S S S S H H H H H 14 S S S S S H H H H H 15 S S S S S H H H H H 16 S S S S S H H H Rh Rh 17 + S S S S S S S S S S Soft 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A 13 H H Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 14 H H Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 15 H H Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 16 H H Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 17 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 18 S Ds Ds Ds Ds S S H H S 19 S S S S Ds S S S S S 20 S S S S S S S S S S Splits 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A 2, 2 Ph P P P P P H H H H 3, 3 Ph Ph P P P P Ph H H H 4, 4 H H Ph Pd Pd H H H H H 6, 6 P P P P P Ph H H H H 7, 7 P P P P P P Ph H Rs H 8, 8 P P P P P P P P P P 9, 9 P P P P P S P P S S A, A P P P P P P P P P P Single Deck, Dealer Hits on Hard 17 Hard 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A 4-7 H H H H H H H H H H 8 H H H Dh Dh H H H H H 9 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 10 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh H H 11 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh 12 H H S S S H H H H H 13 S S S S S H H H H H 14 S S S S S H H H H H 15 S S S S S H H H H Rh 16 S S S S S H H H Rh Rh 17 S S S S S S S S S Rs 18+ S S S S S S S S S S Soft 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A 13 H H Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 14 H H Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 15 H H Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 16 H H Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 17 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 18 S Ds Ds Ds Ds S S H H S 19 S S S S Ds S S S S S 20 S S S S S S S S S S Splits 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A 2, 2 Ph P P P P P H H H H 3, 3 Ph Ph P P P P Ph H H H 4, 4 H H Ph Pd Pd H H H H H 6, 6 P P P P P Ph H H H H 7, 7 P P P P P P Ph H Rs Rh 8, 8 P P P P P P P P P P 9, 9 P P P P P S P P S Ps A, A P P P P P P P P P P Do you think these fellows are following perfect blackjack strategy? 4- to 8-Deck Blackjack Charts The most common multi-deck blackjack I’ve seen is six-deck, but the same strategies apply for 4-8 decks. You’ll see that the charts are extremely similar to those for single deck. Again, the first set is for tables where the dealer is required to stand on a soft 17 and the second set is for tables where the dealer is expected to hit on a soft 17. Each includes three charts for hard, soft, and split hands. 4-8 Decks, Dealer Stands on Soft 17 Hard 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A 4-8 H H H H H H H H H H 9 H Dh Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 10 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh H H 11 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh H 12 H H S S S H H H H H 13 S S S S S H H H H H 14 S S S S S H H H H H 15 S S S S S H H H Rh H 16 S S S S S H H Rh Rh Rh 17+ S S S S S S S S S S Soft 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A 13 H H H Dh Dh H H H H H 14 H H H Dh Dh H H H H H 15 H H Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 16 H H Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 17 H Dh Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 18 S Ds Ds Ds Ds S S H H S 19+ S S S S S S S S S S Splits 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A 2, 2 Ph Ph P P P P H H H H 3, 3 Ph Ph P P P P H H H H 4, 4 H H H Ph Ph H H H H H 6, 6 Ph P P P P H H H H H 7, 7 P P P P P P H H H H 8, 8 P P P P P P P P P P 9, 9 P P P P P S P P S S A, A P P P P P P P P P P 4-8 Decks, Dealer Hits on Soft 17 Hard 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A 4-8 H H H H H H H H H H 9 H Dh Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 10 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh H H 11 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh 12 H H S S S H H H H H 13 S S S S S H H H H H 14 S S S S S H H H H H 15 S S S S S H H H Rh Rh 16 S S S S S H H Rh Rh Rh 17 S S S S S S S S S Rs 18+ S S S S S S S S S S Soft 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A 13 H H H Dh Dh H H H H H 14 H H H Dh Dh H H H H H 15 H H Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 16 H H Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 17 H Dh Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 18 Ds Ds Ds Ds Ds S S H H H 19 S S S S Ds S S S S S 20+ S S S S S S S S S S Splits 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A 2, 2 Ph Ph P P P P H H H H 3, 3 Ph Ph P P P P H H H H 4, 4 H H H Ph Ph H H H H H 6, 6 Ph P P P P H H H H H 7, 7 P P P P P P H H H H 8, 8 P P P P P P P P P Rp 9, 9 P P P P P S P P S S A, A P P P P P P P P P P How to Learn These Blackjack Strategies You may be overwhelmed by the amount of charts and the information you have to remember to perfect your blackjack play. Start with learning basic blackjack strategy! Then, if you want, you can move on to perfect strategy. If you don’t have much time to learn, I recommend sticking with basic blackjack strategy. Remember that you’ll almost always make the right play with basic strategy, and the few mistakes you may make won’t cost you much. Some casinos will allow you to refer to blackjack charts while you’re playing, so you can also print them out and refer to them while playing. But the other players may get annoyed with you if you keep looking at your charts. If you want to learn perfect blackjack strategy, I advise you to learn one chart at a time. Also, if you know you’ll be playing a specific type of blackjack (e.g. 6 decks, dealer hits on soft 17) at a casino, just focus on the charts that are applicable to the game you'll be playing. Furthermore, once you think you’ve learned the blackjack charts, you’ll remember your perfect strategy by drilling it into your head by playing tons of hands and testing your knowledge. If you ever forget your perfect strategy while playing, just use basic strategy. Play the Best Game for You Finally, always remember that you want to play the blackjack games that offer you the best odds. There are many variations of blackjack at casinos that will impact your odds of winning. The ideal version of blackjack will allow doubling, doubling after splitting, splitting, and surrendering. If any of these aren’t allowed, your odds of winning will be lowered. Most are normally offered, but I haven’t found many casinos that allow surrendering. Additionally, your odds will improve if the dealer has to stand on a soft 17 instead of hitting on a soft 17. Finally, you want a table that will pay blackjack 3:2 as opposed to a lower payout (sometimes 6:5) or even money.

Thursday, February 27, 2020

Introduction to Organisations and Management Essay - 4

Introduction to Organisations and Management - Essay Example The concern also recognizes the presence of a union body which cares for both the administrative and operation staff. (Anglia Ruskin University, 2011).On the contrary H&M is a consultancy operating on a global framework with a huge presence in over 120 nations. The concern unlike Watsons Engine also operates based on a huge staff base of around 13,000 people. This global consulting company earns the pride of employing people reflecting specialised skills in different sectors pertaining to different infrastructural categories. H&M operating in an international scale has a large number of customers both belonging to the private and public sector. The company has a very strong and motivated organisational work culture which helps in catering to the changing needs of a diversified customer base. (Anglia Ruskin University, 2011). Organisation/structure The entire organisation is divided along separate tiers in which the total organisational task is properly divided or allocated. These org anisational layers are rendered access to the existing level of organisational resources and different levels of responsibilities are duly entrusted to fulfil the allocated tasks based on the given resources. Structural levels within the organisation are represented in the form of pyramids to reflect the flow of authority and responsibility among the stated quarters. Depending on the needs of the organization the organizational structures are uniquely fashioned like simple, functional, divisional and matrix. Organisation functioning on direct owner-employee relationship with less people is based on the simpler structure. Functional and Divisional structure focuses on creation of departments based on work specialisation. Matrix structure enhances the work specialisation concept by delegating the specialisation units under separate business heads. (Strategic Management, 2009; Murphy & Willmott, 2010, p.94). In regards to the above discussion the organisational structure of Watsons Eng ine is found to be more inclined to a more conservative sphere with less focus on innovation. Organisational structures practiced at Watsons Engine being highly dependent on hierarchical system reflect less amount of flexibility to the changes in the external environment. Furthermore the increased dependence on hierarchical system has also reduced the level of transparency in the organisation. This reduction in transparency in turn has contributed to the reduction of the productivity parameter of the employees. Flow of organisational communication in Watsons Engine generally flow from higher to lower levels of organisational hierarchy and hence also affects the motivation of the employees. Watsons Engine’s enhanced dependence on obsolete hierarchical systems only contributed in obstructing the productivity growth of the employees. On the other hand, H&M functions depending on the matrix organisation. The organisation functioning depending on the matrix organisational framewor k helps in performing complex sets of functions in an integrated and highly specialise environment. Working in an integrated framework helps the organisation to make optimum utilisation of technological and human resources. Further the organisation working

Tuesday, February 11, 2020

Sportsmanship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sportsmanship - Essay Example Normally, this character is because of the notion that their wealth is because of their superiority. The use of the term snob is to describe people that have the habit of portraying or rather showing their wealth through the purchase of luxury commodities. However, this definition rarely comes in use for the snob for it acts as a double-way. This means that the person who flaunts by the purchase of the expensive commodities can initiate the acts of a snob. A snob has the attitude of feeling more superior. The attitude is as compared to other people and upon a person portraying their wealth; they get to feel jealous and snob the person to show that they do not acknowledge that wealth. Another manner of understanding a snob is viewing the individual as one that has a great sense of social insecurity (Baggel). A snob benefits most when a particular issue becomes less secure in comparison to the general state that it ought to be. Reviewing the term nerd and comprehending the definition is effective in differentiating from a snob. A nerd is a highly intellectual person but despite this level of intellect, the person has a problem socializing and thus deemed socially impaired. A nerd has the reputation of spending a large amount of time carrying out unpopular activities. The activities that the nerd engages in are highly technical and because of this behavior that nerds have few friends except for people that operate in the same circle of activities as they do. People have always engaged in fun activities that do not involve high amounts of thinking. However, nerds are the opposite and operate in highly sensible manners that have many people uncomfortable and thus do not associate with them. A snob has one of the highest levels of self-esteem in society, and this is because he/she aims to prove his superiority over other people (Baggel). However, the nerd has very low self-esteem and is shy in the actions that he

Friday, January 31, 2020

The Meaning Of Family To The South Asian (Indian) Male Essay Example for Free

The Meaning Of Family To The South Asian (Indian) Male Essay The family is traditionally the core of all Asian societies. Decisions are often carried out while taking into consideration the immediate family, as well as the external family. But in the context of Asian society, the family â€Å"is not a particularly loving social unit.†[1] In most Asian societies, the family is used as a means of safeguarding property, continuing bloodlines and acquiring more wealth.[2] Indian society is one such example wherein this reality exists. Sons are granted preferential treatment over their sisters, because the former is expected to run the family business and continue the family name. In addition, customs such as the dowry system provide instant fortune to a groom’s family. The Indian male, therefore, views the family as a venue wherein he can exercise control and obtain material prosperity. This belief is not without cultural reinforcements. Friends and relatives exclaim congratulations whenever a baby boy is born to Indian parents. In Indian society, a son is regarded as insurance[3] – he will inherit his father’s property and will help support the family by getting a job. In sharp contrast, daughters are seen as additional expenses[4] – their only place is in the home. The bias against daughters is deeply ingrained in Indian culture that people in some parts of India use the expression â€Å"The servant of your household has been born†[5] when greeting a family with a newborn daughter. In the Indian family, the father is the provider and the dominant authority figure. He must treat his wife like a servant and be stern and aloof towards his children. The wife, on the other hand, must be loyal, obedient and subservient to her husband. She is supposed to tend to his needs like a faithful and devoted servant. Such a rigid and hierarchical family structure often leaves wives feeling neglected and abused. To get rid of these sentiments, they lavish all their attention to their sons.[6] In doing so, they become the provider and the dominant authority figures in their respective families.[7] The Indian mother gives her baby, especially if it is a boy, constant nurturing. The baby is constantly handled, overindulged and is responded to at every whimper. Growing up, male Indian children are made to believe that they deserve to be the center of attention simply because of their gender. Their mothers exempt them from chores, as the former regards housework as a girl’s job. Upon reaching adolescence, male Indians are encouraged to prove their masculinity by drinking, smoking, gambling and having sex with prostitutes. This societal expectation is not without support from the family – there are cases when fathers and uncles are the ones who bring their sons and nephews to the brothel for their first sexual experience. Because of its overemphasis on indulging sons, the aforementioned child-rearing technique produces very irresponsible males. Pampered from infancy, most Indian men end up as wastrels, misusing the resources first of their mothers and later of their wives. Worse, they marry women who were raised to tolerate the capriciousness of their husbands. The conjugal family, as a result, is transformed into an extension of the husband’s immediate family. The wife, meanwhile, becomes the husband’s replacement for his mother – a woman who will cater to his every whim and will overlook even his most serious transgressions The wife has no choice but to accept and live with this situation – society dictates that she shifts her loyalty to her conjugal family upon marriage. Not only is she to take care of her husband; she is also to look after her parents-in-law. Indian parents-in-law, especially mothers-in-law, take advantage of this societal obligation by ensuring that the marriage of their sons will provide their family with material benefits. The dowry system is one way of achieving this goal. Although it was already outlawed in India in 1961, the practice of paying and accepting dowry is still customary in the country. India’s illegal dowry system leaves women vulnerable to abuse and even murder. Every year, an estimated 25,000 women[8] in the country are maimed or killed over dowry disputes. Dowry-related crimes are often perpetuated by grooms and mothers-in-law who are not satisfied with the dowries that the bride’s family gave them. Victims of dowry murders are usually killed by being doused with kerosene and set aflame with a lighted match. The family of the groom will then say that the death was a â€Å"suicide† or a â€Å"kitchen accident.† Police are oftentimes bribed into corroborating the claim. Families who are able to afford very expensive dowries, on the other hand, are often left impoverished and with extremely heavy debts. In pre-colonial India, upper-caste families observed the dowry system in order to help defray marriage expenses and to enable the bride to live on her own should she leave an abusive marriage.[9] But the British introduced homogenized and codified laws into the country, resulting in male domination of the local economy.[10] Only men were allowed to own land and work outside the home. In the process, boys gained higher social worth than girls. These social, political and economic conditions led to the transformation of the dowry system from a wedding gift to a form of payment[11] to a man for marrying a woman. Because Indian women were no longer capable of owning land or working outside the home, parents wanted to do away with their daughters as early as possible. As a result, they lured potential husbands with expensive dowries. The families of these men, on the other hand, viewed the dowry system as an opportunity to pay off heavy land taxes that the British imposed on them.[12] Dowries took on a new form in the 20th century. During this period, families of prospective grooms demanded costly dowries in order to keep up with the consumerist lifestyle associated with capitalism.[13] To convince families of potential brides into paying, Indian men, particularly those from the upper classes, capitalize on their eligibility, social prowess and caste.[14] The higher the qualifications and the caste, the higher the dowry required. Indian families regard marriage to a higher caste as the fastest way to social advancement.[15]